Petronas chafes at its role as piggy bank
The strains have been building over how much money the company hands over to the government in the form of fuel subsidies, dividends and taxes.
By Niluksi Koswanage and Emily Kaiser, FMT
State-owned oil company Petronas is tired of being Malaysia’s cash trough. Its growing pique at the government flared into public view here in early June at the World Gas Conference.
Chief executive Shamsul Azhar Abbas took to the stage and declared that the government’s policy of subsidising fuel was plain wrong. A murmur ran through the crowd – his boss, Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak, was sitting in the front row.
Moments later, Najib went to the podium himself to remind everybody that the subsidies – for which Petronas foots the bill – have “social-economic objectives”.
The subtext of that rejoinder: Malaysians pay among the lowest electricity rates and petrol-pump prices in Asia. While the government has vowed to “rationalise” that, it’s highly unlikely to happen before elections expected in a few months.
The polite but pointed disagreement was the latest sign of assertiveness from an oil company that prime ministers have treated as a piggy bank for pet projects since it was established in 1974.
Interviews with current and former officials and an examination of Petronas and government documents show that strains have been building behind the scenes over how much money the company hands over to the government in the form of fuel subsidies, dividends and taxes.
Financial data reviewed by Reuters show the government has increasingly relied on Petronas’s payments – a “dividend” to its sole shareholder – to plug fiscal deficits that have begun to alarm ratings agencies and analysts.
The data also show these payments grew over the past several years as oil prices soared, along with government spending. But Malaysia’s official accounts do not show how the money is being spent – and the government has steadfastly refused to disclose any details about that.
‘We need cash’
Petronas is Malaysia’s largest single taxpayer and biggest source of revenue, covering as much as 45% of the government’s budget. Unlike other oil-rich nations such as Saudi Arabia, Norway or Brazil, Malaysia runs chronic, large budget deficits that have expanded even as oil revenues increased. Last year’s fiscal gap, at 5% of gross domestic product, trailed only India’s for the dubious distinction of biggest in emerging Asia, and it may widen this year.
Subsidies account for a big chunk of the deficit. They have other downsides as well, Shamsul noted in his speech to the gas conference. “Subsidies distort transparency, reduce competition and deter new investments,” he said, adding that Petronas paid between RM18 billion and RM20 billion (US$5.75 billion-IUS$6.35 billion) a year to subsidise gas consumption.
Malaysia isn’t facing a fiscal crisis. Foreign investors eagerly buy Malaysian government bonds, confident the country’s reserves of oil, gas and foreign currency are deep enough to ensure the debt will be repaid.
That faith will be tested over the next few months.
Falling oil and gas prices will likely constrain Petronas’s 2012 profits, and a worsening euro-zone crisis may hurt the country’s exports. Smaller Petronas payouts and slowing economic growth would pinch government finances.
Shamsul argues now is an opportune time to pursue foreign acquisitions on the cheap as Malaysia’s domestic energy supplies deplete. Last Thursday, the company announced it was acquiring its Canadian joint-venture partner, Progress Energy Resources Corp, for US$4.7 billion. More may be in the offing.
“Mind you, for that to happen, we need cash,” Shamsul said in his speech.
The trouble is, the government needs the cash, too.
Towers over Malaysia
Petronas, Malaysia’s only global Fortune 500 company, towers over the Southeast Asian country – literally and figuratively. Its 88-storey twin towers, once the world’s tallest buildings, dominate the skyline of Kuala Lumpur.
Petronas’s oil and gas reserves rank 28th in the world, according to data from PetroStrategies in Plano, Texas, ahead of some better known players such as Norway’s Statoil and CNOOC, China National Offshore Oil Corp.
Unusual for a state-owned enterprise, Petronas’s debt is rated stronger than the sovereign state’s. The company had about US$15.6 billion in total borrowing as of March 31 and counts US insurer Aflac Inc among the debt holders.
Petronas’ CEO and board, however, serve at the pleasure of the prime minister. Over the years, prime ministers have tapped into Petronas funds to build their dream projects and bail out their mistakes. Political leaders were used to dealing with yes-men in the company, which on Malaysia’s organisation chart is part of the prime minister’s office.
Now Petronas is trying to say no.
Like all state-owned oil companies, Petronas is expected to pass along a share of profit to the government, just as a private sector oil company pays dividends to shareholders.
Those dividends gobbled up almost 55% of its net profits in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2011, well above the average of 38% paid by national oil companies around the world, Petronas figures show.
Including taxes, export duties and the dividend, Petronas estimates its total payments to the Malaysian government added up to RM65.7 billion (US$21.10 billion) in that fiscal year.
Swelling deficit
Petronas has been pushing for a new dividend policy that would set the annual payout to the government at 30% of profits instead of the flat RM28 billion (US$8.75 billion) it will pay this year.
A lower payout would preserve money to reinvest in global oil and gas exploration in order to compensate for declining domestic supplies.
A Reuters analysis of Petronas and government financial data shows Petronas would have paid close to RM17 billion in the March 2011 fiscal year if the 30% dividend formula was in place.
A smaller dividend payment would have deepened Malaysia’s fiscal deficit, swelling it to about 6.5% of gross domestic product. That’s nearly triple the average among the world’s emerging-market economies, according to International Monetary Fund data.
With less Petronas money under the new formula, Najib would have three unpopular options: cutting spending, increasing taxes or ramping up the deficit. Worsening public finances could unsettle foreign investors, who hold about 39% of the government’s local currency debt, the highest share in emerging Asia.
The Petronas CEO put a brave face on it when Reuters asked him if the new formula might be put in place this year, with elections now expected as soon as September.
“The government is fairly aware of Petronas’s need to have our own funding for growth,” Shamsul said after the company released financial results on May 31. “They respect that and they will agree to our request.”
Najib’s office declined to comment.
Election stimulus?
Najib, who took over mid-term from his predecessor and has yet to receive an electoral mandate as prime minister, can ill-afford to accommodate Petronas right now on the dividend. He has raised civil-servant wages and approved cash payouts to low-income households – vote-winning measures paid for in part by Petronas.
Ratings agency Fitch warned in February that Malaysia’s budget was too reliant on petroleum receipts, and elections could drive up spending and deepen the budget deficit.
“If aggressive stimulus measures were implemented and this led to a sustained increase in public debt ratios, it would be negative for the ratings,” Fitch wrote.
That may already be happening. The government in June asked Parliament to approve another RM13.8 billion in supplementary spending – more than half of it for food and fuel subsidies – which would swell the fiscal deficit to 6% of GDP.
Petronas only began detailing its contributions to the government two years ago – around the time it began lobbying for a change in the dividend policy. Indeed, the word “dividend” does not even appear in its annual reports for 2001 through 2009.
Reuters has filled in some of the gaps from previous years, obtaining figures from former prime minister Dr Mahathir Mohamad, now adviser to the oil company, dating back to 1976. Petronas declined to confirm their accuracy.
No public disclosure
Mahathir’s data show Petronas payments to the state more than doubled between 2005 and 2011 as oil prices soared. Malaysia’s spending swelled too, widening the budget deficit even though revenues rose. But Malaysia won’t disclose what the Petronas money is being spent on.
Reuters placed an official request for that data from Malaysia’s accountant general’s office, but the audit agency said it could provide budgetary figures for everything except Petronas’s contributions.
Without access to official figures, it is difficult to determine how the government spends Petronas money. Mahathir told Reuters he released additional Petronas data on his blog as an “appeal” for more clarity on where the money went after he stepped down from office in 2003.
The bulk of it appears to be going into operating expenses, including higher wages for the more than 1.4 million civil servants who are mostly ethnic Malays, Mahathir says.
Since Najib took office in 2009, operating expenses have risen by almost 16%. Development spending, which includes education, security and healthcare, has stayed flat.
Increased wages are a recurring cost, Mahathir pointed out in an interview from his office on the 83rd floor of the Petronas Towers. Once pay goes up, he said, it is difficult to cut in lean years.
“So the result is, you take more from development expenditure because development expenditure is not a statutory requirement,” he said. “You can cut.”
