The bogeyman and ‘under siege’ stratagem
In Malaysia’s situation, you can regard the liberals as the reformist group, or Pakatan Rakyat, while the conservatist group is Barisan Nasional. The ‘war’ between liberalism and conservatism in the mid-1800s in Europe saw the collapse of the monarchies and the emergence of republics. Hence do not underestimate the ‘danger’ of liberalism versus conservatism.
THE CORRIDORS OF POWER
Raja Petra Kamarudin
The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred over a 13-day period from 16-28 October 1962. That was 50 years ago. I was still in standard six then and many of you were probably not even born yet.
To commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Department for Continuing Education of the Oxford University is holding four lectures (details as below). I have signed up to attend these lectures this weekend so Malaysia Today may be slightly slow in the news updating during that period.
I am not going to give you my opinion regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis, at least not until I have attended the lectures this weekend. What I want to do instead is to talk about the use of bogeymen and ‘under siege’ stratagem as a political tool.
When the government raises a crisis, this can unite the people. Hence if the impression can be created that Islam or the Muslims or the Malays are under attack (under siege), this can unite the Malays-Muslims against what they perceive as a common enemy. To do this, though, you need to create a bogeyman.
In the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Bogeyman for the Americans was the Communists and their satellite states such as Cuba.
We must remember that just a year earlier, in 1961, America got involved in the Vietnam War and by 1962 America’s troops in Vietnam had tripled. This war was supposed to be to stop the march of Communism but it was not well supported and most Americans were opposed to this war.
Many Americans were openly opposed to the Vietnam War and it even spawned a peace movement, the Hippie culture (make love not war), Woodstock (with the many ‘protest’ songs), etc.
Later, the Vietnam War escalated into an Indo-Chinese War when America began to bomb and invade Cambodia. In 1970, 500 students from the Kent University, Ohio, protested the Cambodian invasion resulting in 4 students being shot dead and 9 wounded.
Anyway, in short, Americans did not support America’s involvement in foreign conflicts. Martin Luther King, Jr., Muhammad Ali, Jane Fonda, and many more, all opposed the Vietnam War. And they were persecuted because of it.
Communism had to be portrayed as an evil and the enemy of the ‘free world’. America was becoming very divided and famous people were being attracted to the cause of the anti-war movement. The government had to make the people realise that war was necessary to protect the free world from the evil of Communism. Hence Communism must be seen as ‘the enemy’.
Today, of course, Communism is no longer feared. So they need a ‘New Communism’ and this new threat to the free world is Islam, the ‘New Communism’. Islam is the new threat to the free world and the people must unite against radical Islam for the sake of democracy.
That is in the west. In Malaysia the same strategy is used. Islam is a threat, or rather ‘radical’ Islam, so MCA plays up this issue to the hilt. Thus you are seeing a lot of rhetoric from the Barisan Nasional coalition partners as to the threat to democracy if Pakatan Rakyat were to come to power and PAS gets to turn Malaysia into an Islamic State with the Shariah criminal laws of Hudud as the laws of the land.
MCA, of course, plays to the Chinese gallery. For the benefit of the Malay-Muslim audience, DAP is portrayed as an enemy of Islam with a hidden agenda of turning Malaysia into a Christian State.
So both the Chinese and Malays are under siege — the Chinese under siege from an Islamic State and the Malays under siege from a Christian State. To the Chinese, the bogeyman is Islam, while to the Malays it is Christianity. And to put icing on the cake, revelations of Christians converting Muslims to Christianity is played up.
If the people can be made to believe that they face an evil and dangerous enemy they can be made to set aside their political differences and to unite against this common enemy. Chinese would no longer be MCA Chinese or DAP Chinese and Malays no longer Umno Malays or PAS Malays. It would be simply reduced to Malays versus Chinese.
And in such a situation Umno and Barisan Nasional would benefit the most.
The trouble is, Malaysians have big mouths. Since 2008, Malaysians have become more arrogant and they no longer care about what they say. They will say what they want to say and will even throw dares and challenges, which just increases the animosity between the races.
Hence the loose talk only goes to help make the rift even bigger. The siege mentality becomes worse and the focus becomes ‘unite against the enemy’. And the enemy of the Malays is the Chinese (in particular the Christian Chinese) and to the Chinese it is the Malays (in particular the radical Muslims).
Common enemies are required to be able to unite the people. If there were no common enemy or, more accurately, a perceived common enemy, then the people would be divided along political lines. And in that type of situation you will see the liberals on one side and the conservatives on the other.
In Malaysia’s situation, you can regard the liberals as the reformist group, or Pakatan Rakyat, while the conservatist group is Barisan Nasional. The ‘war’ between liberalism and conservatism in the mid-1800s in Europe saw the collapse of the monarchies and the emergence of republics. Hence do not underestimate the ‘danger’ of liberalism versus conservatism.
The government, therefore, cannot afford for Malaysia to be divided between liberalism and conservatism. Malaysia must be united so that the liberalism versus conservatism tide can be stemmed. And for this to happen Malaysians must be divided racially and religiously.
When each race and religious grouping sees itself under siege, they would discard political ideology and unite. And this is why a bogeyman needs to be created whether it is Communism, America, Israel, Russia, Cuba, China, Vietnam, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, radical Islam, radical Christianity, Zionism, or whatever.
And this is why Barisan Nasional and Umno are so successful. And they are successful only because Malaysians are so gullible and naïve. Malaysians can be made to feel that they are under siege and that a bogeyman is lurking in the dark waiting to get them.
Maybe this is because when we were kids our parents planted the hantu syndrome into our minds. Hence we are able to see hantu everywhere. Bodohnya rakyat Malaysia. Percaya sangat dengan hantu.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962
Lecture 1: John Kennedy, American Foreign Policy and the Cuban Missile Crisis
PROFESSOR MARK WHITE
Department of History, Queen Mary, University of London
Lecture 2: Soviet Communism and the Cuban Revolution in the 1960s
DR GEORGE LAMBIE
Principal Lecturer, Department of Public Policy, De Montfort University
Lecture 3: The Cuban missile crisis: how close to Armageddon?
PROFESSOR LEN SCOTT
Professor in International History and Intelligence Studies, Aberystwyth University
Lecture 4: The Cuban missile crisis in cultural memory
RIKKY ROOKSBY
Tutor for OUDCE (Department for Continuing Education)
