The tricky economic tasks facing Najib Razak
Shankaran Nambiar, MIER
After a year of solid achievement on the economic front, Malaysia’s leaders will face difficult circumstances as they implement reform in 2015.
One of the more impressive achievements of the Malaysian government in 2014 was the resolve it demonstrated in trying to balance the budget. Prime Minister Najib Razak inherited a budget situation characterised by a lack of fiscal discipline from previous administrations, and he made a concerted effort to address this problem.
He has implemented policies that will see a reduction in the fiscal deficit from 3.5 per cent of of GDP in 2014 to 3.0 per cent of GDP in 2015. The government has also rationalised subsidies. It cut petrol and diesel subsidies by about 20 sen (about 6 US cents) per litre on 2 October. Fortuitously, the global price of oil has been falling, lending a fine sense of timing to the subsidy cuts which are best executed when market prices are declining, as they are now.
Equally commendable was the decision to introduce a goods and services tax (GST) in April 2015. The announcement for this plan was also cleverly timed. With the elections safely behind him, and with the 14th general elections not for another five years, Najib can undertake unpopular reforms in 2015, like introducing the GST, and then work to improve his political goodwill in the next few years, with the hope that the GST will be forgotten by the time the elections are due. Timing is again in Najib’s favour, since, although low oil prices will slash government revenue, this will be compensated to some extent by the broad ranging GST revenue collection that will begin in the months to come.
Concerns about public and household debt have haunted Malaysia last year. Household debt currently stands at about 87.1 per cent of GDP and government debt is about 53 per cent of GDP. Government spending needs to be further scrutinised and reviewed, the size of the public sector (a vote bank though it may be) has to be reconsidered, and the worthiness of large projects have to be questioned with the circumspection of a fussy accountant.
There are undeniably many good targets from which to cut. The Auditor-General’s report on government spending in 2013 documents enormous cost blowouts: computers worth RM3,000 (US$850) being procured for RM 8,400 ($2400), facilities costing millions not being used, and a whole plethora of items whose inflated prices suggest gross mismanagement. If the Auditor General’s report is any indication of the extent of public sector mismanagement, then the government should be tackling issues of project management, transparency in procurement and efficiency and productivity in the public sector even before it rolls out the GST.
Inflation rates moderated in the last few months of 2014. Early last year inflation was running at about 3.4 per cent and softened to about 2.7 per cent towards the end of 2014. Though these rates appear reasonable, actual inflation as it is experienced by the Malaysian people (or felt inflation) is higher; and public perception of the rising cost of living is, indeed, critical.
At any rate, the official inflation rate can be expected to spike in May 2015 with the introduction of the GST, possibly as high as 4.5 per cent. This is to be expected. International experience suggests a one-time price spike of anything from an additional 1 to 2 per cent following the implementation of the GST. In the case of Malaysia, household spending in 2015 will be constrained both because of limited disposable income and eroded purchasing power due to the GST-induced price hikes.
The external sector does not seem ready to lend any solace. The Malaysian ringgit is taking a beating against the US dollar. Declining confidence in the ringgit, mainly because of the decline in oil prices, could stretch for the next few months. That might do Malaysian exports, particularly those from the electrical and electronics sector, some good.
